DEFINITION OF CONTINENTAL INTERIOR/MID-LATITUDE DESERTS

Some places on Earth are so far from ocean moisture sources

that by the time weather systems reach them, most of the moisture

they carry has already fallen. This effect is worsened if the

weather systems have to rise over mountains or plateaus to

reach these areas, because cloud systems typically lose moisture

as they rise over mountains. These remote areas therefore

have little chance of receiving significant rainfalls. The most

significant deserts in this category are the Taklimakan-Gobi

region of China, resting south of the Mongolian steppe on the

Alashan Plateau, and the Karakum of western Asia. The Gobi

is the world’s northernmost desert, and it is characterized by

1,000-foot (305-m) high sand dunes made of coarser-thannormal

sand and gravel, built up layer-by-layer by material

moved and deposited by the wind. It is a desolate region,

conquered successively by Genghis Khan, warriors of the

Ming Dynasty, then the People’s Army of China. The sands

are still littered with remains of many of these battles, such as

the abandoned city of Khara Khoto. In 1372 Ming Dynasty

warriors conquered this walled city by cutting off its water

supply consisting of the Black River, waiting, then massacring

any remaining people in the city.

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