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Senin, 09 September 2013
MENGENAL SEJARAH BANK INDONESIA (BI)
Bank Indonesia (BI) yang kita kenal sekarang, embrionya
telah terbentuk pada abad ke-19. Pada 1828, Pemerintah Hindia Belanda
mendirikan bank yang berfungsi sebagai bank sirkulasi untuk mencetak dan
mengedarkan uang, yang diberi nama De Javasche Bank.
Pada 1953, terbit Undang-Undang Pokok Bank Indonesia yang
menetapkan pendirian B! menggantikan fungsi De Javasche Bank. Sebagai bank
sentral, BI bergerak di bidang moneter, perbankan, dan sistem pembayaran. BI
juga mendapat tugas penting lain dalam hubungannya dengan pemerintah dan
melanjutkan fungsi bank komersial yang pernah dijalankan De Javasche Bank.
Sementara itu, Undang-Undang Bank Sentral disahkan pada 1968
untuk mengatur kedudukan dan tugas BI. Di sini, BI yang adalah bank sentral,
dipisahkan dari bank-bank lain yang melakukan fungsi komersial. BI juga
bertugas membantu Pemerintah Indonesia sebagai agen pembangunan untuk mendorong
kelancaran produksi, pembangunan, dan memperluas kesempatan kerja untuk rakyat.
Adapun pada 1999, keluar Undang Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1999, yang menetapkan
tujuan tunggal BI dalam mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah.
Undang-undang ini memberikan status dan kedudukan BI sebagai lembaga negara
independen dan bebas campur tangan pemerintah atau pihak lain. Atas dasar itu,
BI mempunyai otonomi penuh dalam merumuskan dan melaksanakan setiap tugas dan
wewenangnya.
Negara juga mengatur kedudukan BI tak sejajar dengan lembaga
tinggi negara dan departemen. Status dan kedudukan khusus ini bertujuan agar
peran BI sebagai otoritas moneter lebih efektif dan efisien. Pada 2004.
Undang-Undang BI diamandemen pada aspek terkait tugas dan wewenang, termasuk
penguatan pemerintah. Pada 2008, dikeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti
Undang-Undang Nomor 2 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang
Nomor 23 tahun 1999. Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan ketahanan perbankan nasional
dalam menghadapi krisis global melalui peningkatan akses perbankan terhadap
fasilitas pembiayaan jangka pendek dari BI.
BI dipimpin dewan gubernur yang terdiri atas seorang
gubernur, seorang deputi gubernur senior sebagai wakil gubernur, dan empat atau
tujuh deputi gubernur. Masa jabatan gubernur dan deputi gubernur BI lima tahun
dan hanya dapat dipilih untuk dua kali masa tugas.
PERLEMBANGAN UANG DARI MASA KE MASA
Barangkali, benda paling kontroversial di muka bumi adalah
uang. Sebab, kebaikan dan kejahatan bisa sama- sama atas nama uang. Saking
vitalnya fungsi uang, orang dapat rela melakukan apa saja demi mendapatkannya,
liang telah mengalami berbagai episode sejarah yang amat panjang. Berikut
beberapa zaman perkembangan uang.
Uang Logam
Sistem barter yang Kemudian melahirkan banyak kerepotan
mendorong masyarakat untuk bersepakat tentang alat pembayaran yang lebih pasti
Alat pembayaran ini harus mem Itki rilai yarg tetap, mudah dibawa, berlaku
untuk semua jenis barang, dan tidak mudah rusak.
Kesepakatan ini kemudian mengantarkan masyarakat pada masa
itu pada uang. Kehadiran uang tidak serempak. Setiap komunitas masa lampau
memiliki kesepakatan masing-masing. Diyakini, pada masa awal kelahirannya,
logam menjadi barang berharga yang dapat mewakili syarat-syarat uang Di samping
itu, logam bisa dibentuk sesuai kesepakatan masyarakat saat itu dan bisa dibawa
dengan mudah.
Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, tatkala kerajaan-kerajaan
mulai bermunculan, para penguasa menegaskan kekuatannya dengan mencetak wajah
atau lambang kerajaan pada sisi-sisi uang. Logam-logam yarig lebih berharga,
sepert emas, perak, dan perunggu juga semakin banyak digunakan untuk bahan baku
uang. Bentuk uang sendiri beragam, semisal lonjong, segitiga, atau kotak.
Uang Kertas
Meskipun dibuat dari emas, uang logam ternyata bisa membuat
repot. Contohnya, saat bertransaksi dalam jumlah besar, uang logam bisa menjadi
amat berat. Selain itu, logam sebagai bahan baku uang juga terbatas. Oleh sebab
itu, masyarakat melakukan konsensus kembali untuk menciptakan uang yang lebih
mudah dibawa dan nilainya bisa dibuat lebih variatif. Kertas lalu dipilih
menjadi bahan pembuatan uang. Di masa kini, kertas yang digunakan sebagai bahan
uang harus memenuhi beberapa syarat, misalnya tidak mudah sobek saat basah dan
tidak mudah kusut.
Uang Elektronik
Sekarang kita tak perlu lagi repot-repot membawa uang tunai.
Sejak lembaga keuangan menerbitkan kartu ATM debit dan prabayar, banyak
transaksi dapat dibereskan tanpa uang tunai. Kita hanya perlu menyetorkan
sejumlah uang sekali waktu dan memakainya dengan menggesekkan kedua kartu tadi.
Sisteni pembayaran ini teknologi informasi dan jaringan elektronik yang
kompleks. Uang ini kemudian dikenal dengan uang elektronik.
MANFAAT MENABUNG DAN KEMUDAHAN BERTRANSAKSI
Tidak ada yang menyangkal bahwa menabung itu menguntungkan
Manfaatnya terasa pada saat-saat yang tidak terduga, misalnya menjelang Lebaran
di mana kebutuhan dana meningkat. Dengan memiliki tabungan, kebutuhan dana yang
besar tidak akan terlalu berat karena telah dikumpulkan sejak jauh-jauh hari.
Menabung juga semakin terasa manfaatnya apabila memilih tabungan yang mampu
memberikan kemudahan bertransaksi. Salah satu bentuk kemudahan transaksi adalah
kehadiran perbankan elektronik (e-banking) baik dalam bentuk fisik maupun
virtual seperti melalui perangkat ponsel atau gadget. Semua itu didukung oleh
teknologi tinggi yang dipadukan dengan kecanggihan teknologi informasi. Salah
satu wujud e-banking yang lazim ditemui adalah ATM. Dengan luasnya jaringan ATM
yang tersebar di Indonesia, transaksi saat Lebaran tidak akan mengalami
kesulitan karena dapat dilakukan hampir di mana pun.
BCA merupakan salah satu bank dengan jaringan ATM yang amat
luas. Transaksi yang ditawarkan melalui ATM BCA memberikan kemudahan
bertransaksi kapan pun, termasuk pada saat Lebaran. Jika membutuhkan dana
tunai, dengan mudah dapat ditarik melalui ribuan ATM BCA, jaringan ATM Prima,
dan jaringan ATM Cirrus di seluruh dunia. Libur lebaran juga tidak akan
terganggu oleh pembayaran beragam tagihan seperti telepon, listrik, asuransi,
atau pembelian pulsa karena semua dapat dilakukan di seluruh jaringan ATM BCA.
Yang menyenangkan, menabung dan bertransaksi ternyata dapat memberikan
keuntungan spesial. Ini diperoleh jika menjadi nasabah Tahapan BCA, melalui
program Gebyar Tahapan BCA (GTB) 2013. Peserta GTB 2013 kali ini adalah seluruh
nasabah Tahapan BCA yang memiliki kupon elektronik. Kupon diperoleh dengan
meningkatkan saldo tabungan, transaks pembayaran/pembelian (pembayaran tagihan
kartu kredit, listrik, dan lain-lain atau pembelian pulsa, tiket, dan
lain-lain) melalui e-banking BCA (ATM, m-BCA, KlikBCA, SMS BCA), serta belanja
dengan Debit BCA. Untuk saldo rata rata Rp-1 juta per bulan akan mendapat satu
kupon (berlaku kelipatan). Tiap melakukan pembayaran/pembelian melalui ATM BCA,
akan mendapatkan satu kupon, sedangkan jika dilakukan melalui m-BCA, KlikBCA,
dan SMS BCA akan mendapatkan dua kupon sekaligus. Sementara itu, jika
berbelanja dengan Debit BCA akan mendapatkan satu kupon setiap melakukan
transaksi Debit BCA sebesar Rp 100 ribu (akumulasi).
Kamis, 22 Agustus 2013
SEJARAH LOKOMOTIF UAP PERTAMA DI INDONESIA
LOKOMOTIF listrik
di Indonesia mulai dioperasikan pada 1925 sejak adanya jaringan listrik yang
pertama kali dari Stasiun Tanjung Priuk sampai ke Stasiun Jatinegara. Lokomotif
listrik ESS 3201 merupakan salah satu lokomotif listrik yang pernah melayani
koridor Batavia (Jakarta}- Buitenzorg (Bogor). Lokomotif yang dijuluki
"Bon Bon" ini buatan pabrik. Werkspoor Belanda tahun 1926 dan berdinas
semenjak masa kolonial hingga tahun 1970-an.
SEJARAH LOKOMOTIF DIESEL PERTAMA DI INDONESIA
LOKOMOTIF ini
merupakan kendaraan rel yang dapat bergerak sendiri dengan motor diesel sebagai
sumber tenaga dan berfungsi menarik rangkaian kereta atau gerbong. Terdapat dua
macam lokomotif diesel yang beroperasi di perkeretaapian Indonesia, yaitu
lokomotif diesel hidrolik dah lokomotif diesel elektrik.
Lokomotif CC 200 adalah lokomotif diesel pertama di
Indonesia, buatan General Electric pada 1953. Lokomotif diesel elektrik dengan
berat 96 ton ini dipesan oleh Indonesia sebanyak 27 buah. Lokomotif CC200 yang
tersisa sekarang berada di Dipo Lokomotif Cirebon, yaitu CC20015 yang masih
dirawat dengan baik untuk dilestarikan. Dua saudara terakhirnya, yakni CC 200
08 dan CC 200 09 sudah dikirim ke Balai Yasa Yogyakarta setelah dinyatakan
pensiun.
SEJARAH LOKOMOTIF UAP PERTAMA DI INDONESIA
LOKOMOTIF uap
adalah kendaraan rel yang dapat bergerak sendiri dengan penggerak mesin uap
yang dihasilkan dari ketel uap yang dipanaskan dengan kayu bakar, batu bara,
atau minyak bakar. Lokomotif uap pertama di Indonesia mulai beroperasi pada
1867 seiring dengan pembukaan jalur kereta api yang pertama dari Stasiun
Semarang ke Stasiun Tanggung, Jawa Tengah sepanjang 26 kilometer. Lokomotif uap
tersebut bernomor seri NIS 1 dan N IS 2 buatan pabrik Borsig di Jerman.
Selanjutnya berbagai jenis lokomotif mulai didatangkan dari
Eropa dan Amerika. Lokomotif- lokomotif tersebut memiliki daya sampai 1.850
daya kuda, misalnya lokomotif uap terbesar di Indonesia yaitu DD52. Pada 1953,
lokomotif diesel mulai datang dan selanjutnya menggantikan lokomotif uap. Baru
sekitar tahun 1980, lokomotif uap tidak dioperasionalkan lagi, kecuali uatuk
kereta wisata.
Selasa, 21 Mei 2013
Critical Overview on Development of E-Banking
New electronic channels are replacing the more traditional ones. Mobile devices represent the recent development in electronic service distribution. An exploratory study was conducted on experienced electronic banking customers by using a qualitative in-depth interviewing method. The findings increase the understanding of customer-perceived value and value creation on the basis of attributes of mobile services and customer-perceived disadvantages of mobile phones in electronic banking context. The findings allow practitioners to improve their services and marketing strategies and pass on information to the academics about interesting future research areas (Laukkanen, 2005).
In Bangladesh, the expansion of e-banking is beset with several infrastructural, institutional, and regulatory constraints such as inadequate availability of reliable and secure telecommunication infrastructure, absence of a backbone network connecting the whole country, poor ICT penetration in the banking sector, lack of skilled manpower and training facilities, absence of supportive policies, guidelines, rules and regulations relating to etransactions and the like. Despite the constraints, efforts by the Bangladesh Bank in modernizing the country's payment system and commitment by the government in building 'Digital Bangladesh' have brought competition among the scheduled banks to improve banking services and rapidly adopt e-banking on a wider scale. This note provides a critical overview on development of e-banking in Bangladesh and future prospects for better understanding the issue that includes concept of e-banking, present status of scheduled banks in adopting ebanking services, and prospects of e-banking in Bangladesh on the basis of current trend in developing the ICT infrastructure in the country as well as ICT penetration in the banking sector that follows some policy suggestions for BB, Govt. of Bangladesh and scheduled banks so that optimum benefit through e-banking may be obtained.
In Bangladesh, the expansion of e-banking is beset with several infrastructural, institutional, and regulatory constraints such as inadequate availability of reliable and secure telecommunication infrastructure, absence of a backbone network connecting the whole country, poor ICT penetration in the banking sector, lack of skilled manpower and training facilities, absence of supportive policies, guidelines, rules and regulations relating to etransactions and the like. Despite the constraints, efforts by the Bangladesh Bank in modernizing the country's payment system and commitment by the government in building 'Digital Bangladesh' have brought competition among the scheduled banks to improve banking services and rapidly adopt e-banking on a wider scale. This note provides a critical overview on development of e-banking in Bangladesh and future prospects for better understanding the issue that includes concept of e-banking, present status of scheduled banks in adopting ebanking services, and prospects of e-banking in Bangladesh on the basis of current trend in developing the ICT infrastructure in the country as well as ICT penetration in the banking sector that follows some policy suggestions for BB, Govt. of Bangladesh and scheduled banks so that optimum benefit through e-banking may be obtained.
Review Mobile Phones in Order to Effectuate Banking Transactions
Although millions of dollars have been spent on building mobile banking systems, reports on mobile banking show that potential users may not be using the systems, despite their availability. Thus, research is needed to identify the factors determining users' acceptance of mobile banking. While there has been considerable research on the technology acceptance model (TAM) that predicts whether individuals will accept and voluntarily use information systems, limitations of the TAM include the omission of an important trust-based construct in the context of electronic/mobile commerce, and the assumption that there are no barriers preventing an individual from using an IS if he or she chooses to do so. Based on literature relating to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the TAM, this study extends the applicability of the TAM in a mobile banking context, by adding one trust-based construct ("perceived credibility") and two resource-based constructs ("perceived selfefficacy" and "perceived financial cost") to the model, while paying careful attention to the placing of these constructs in the TAM's existing nomological structure (Luarn, 2005).
Mobile banking is growing at a remarkable speed around the world. In the process it is creating considerable uncertainty about the appropriate regulatory response to this newly emerging service. Researcher sets out a framework for considering the design of regulation of mobile banking. Since it lies at the interface between financial services and telecoms, mobile banking also raises competition policy and interoperability issues that are discussed in his paper. Finally, by unbundling payments services into its component parts, mobile banking provides important lessons for the design of financial regulation more generally in developed as well as developing economies.( Klein Michael,Mayer Colin: Mobile banking and financial inclusion : the regulatory lessons, 01 May 2011).
The use of mobile phones in order to effectuate banking transactions is bound to increase in a significant way in the near future. This growth in mobile financial services not only depends on technological advances, but also on consumer confidence in the provided services. Mobile financial services can be divided into mobile banking and mobile payment; therefore, legal certainty must be established as to what supervisory regime applies to the various activities involving banks and non-banks. Mobile banking activities fall within the scope of the banking business, and oversight is provided by the competent financial market authority for prudential supervision, if the definition of banking activities encompasses all relevant mobile banking activities. Furthermore, legal aspects also play a role in the evolution of mobile banking as far as the need to enhance customer trust in the offered services is concerned. Major issues arise in relation to data security and consumer protection. Moreover, the outsourcing of certain key activities to mobile operators deserves further attention, as mobile operators can, under specific circumstances, become deeply involved in mobile banking.
Mobile banking is growing at a remarkable speed around the world. In the process it is creating considerable uncertainty about the appropriate regulatory response to this newly emerging service. Researcher sets out a framework for considering the design of regulation of mobile banking. Since it lies at the interface between financial services and telecoms, mobile banking also raises competition policy and interoperability issues that are discussed in his paper. Finally, by unbundling payments services into its component parts, mobile banking provides important lessons for the design of financial regulation more generally in developed as well as developing economies.( Klein Michael,Mayer Colin: Mobile banking and financial inclusion : the regulatory lessons, 01 May 2011).
The use of mobile phones in order to effectuate banking transactions is bound to increase in a significant way in the near future. This growth in mobile financial services not only depends on technological advances, but also on consumer confidence in the provided services. Mobile financial services can be divided into mobile banking and mobile payment; therefore, legal certainty must be established as to what supervisory regime applies to the various activities involving banks and non-banks. Mobile banking activities fall within the scope of the banking business, and oversight is provided by the competent financial market authority for prudential supervision, if the definition of banking activities encompasses all relevant mobile banking activities. Furthermore, legal aspects also play a role in the evolution of mobile banking as far as the need to enhance customer trust in the offered services is concerned. Major issues arise in relation to data security and consumer protection. Moreover, the outsourcing of certain key activities to mobile operators deserves further attention, as mobile operators can, under specific circumstances, become deeply involved in mobile banking.
Review Mobile Payment Services Markets
Improvement of mobile technologies and devices, banking users are able to conduct banking services at anyplace and at anytime. Recently, many banks in the world have provided mobile access to financial information. The reason to understand what factors contribute to users' intention to use mobile banking is important issue of research. The researcher's purpose is to examine and validate determinants of users' intention to mobile banking. He used a structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the causalities in the proposed model. The results indicated strong support for the validity of proposed model with 72.2% of the variance in behavioral intention to mobile banking. His study found that self-efficiency was the strongest antecedent of perceived easeof- use, which directly and indirectly affected behavioral intention through perceived usefulness in mobile banking. Structural assurances are the strongest antecedent of trust, which could increase behavioral intention of mobile banking. This research verified the effect of perceived usefulness, trust and perceived ease-of-use on behavioral intention in mobile banking. The results have several implications for mobile banking managers. (Gu Ja, 2009).
According to some researchers, the mobile payment services markets are currently under transition with a history of numerous tried and failed solutions, and a future of promising but yet uncertain possibilities with potential new technology innovations. At this point of the development, the researchers take a look at the current state of the mobile payment services market from a literature review perspective. They review prior literature on mobile payments, analyze the various factors that impact mobile payment services markets, and suggest directions for future research in this still emerging field. Consumer perspective of mobile payments as well as technical security and trust are best covered by contemporary research. The impacts of social and cultural factors on mobile payments, as well as comparisons between mobile and traditional payment services are entirely uninvestigated issues.
According to some researchers, the mobile payment services markets are currently under transition with a history of numerous tried and failed solutions, and a future of promising but yet uncertain possibilities with potential new technology innovations. At this point of the development, the researchers take a look at the current state of the mobile payment services market from a literature review perspective. They review prior literature on mobile payments, analyze the various factors that impact mobile payment services markets, and suggest directions for future research in this still emerging field. Consumer perspective of mobile payments as well as technical security and trust are best covered by contemporary research. The impacts of social and cultural factors on mobile payments, as well as comparisons between mobile and traditional payment services are entirely uninvestigated issues.
Convergence of the Internet and Mobile Networks
The telecommunications industry worldwide has scrambled to bring what is available to networked computers to mobile devices (Schofield & Kubin 2002). Presently, the use of electronic banking is considerably high and as more and more users sign up for electronic-banking, the maturity as regards remote banking ( i.e. banking outside the banking hall) is on the increase.
With electronic banking, users can now conveniently carry out banking transactions, but this convenience cannot be achieved if the user does not have access to the internet, hence, in other words, the user cannot carry out a banking transaction while waiting for a bus, or perhaps while having lunch in a restaurant. With mbanking, convenience can be achieved 24hrs a day. This is because a user has access to his mobile phone all day, at all times. So, to effectively achieve a truly convenient banking mode, a truly mobile mode of banking has to be explored, hence the need for m-banking (Andrew, 2009)
The convergence of the Internet and mobile networks creates new opportunities and applications. Treating mobile business as simply an extension to the traditional web could result in missing out unique differentiated qualities for new value-added possibilities. Mobile Banking is considered to be one of the most value-added and important mobile service available. Arcraf's current research examined technological changes in mobile networks and innovative attributes of Mobile Internet. It has advanced the theoretical framework of innovation in service to develop a customer centric analysis of m banking value proposition. His article goes on to discuss critical factors in the diffusion of m Banking and explores reasons of failure and further prospects of success.
With electronic banking, users can now conveniently carry out banking transactions, but this convenience cannot be achieved if the user does not have access to the internet, hence, in other words, the user cannot carry out a banking transaction while waiting for a bus, or perhaps while having lunch in a restaurant. With mbanking, convenience can be achieved 24hrs a day. This is because a user has access to his mobile phone all day, at all times. So, to effectively achieve a truly convenient banking mode, a truly mobile mode of banking has to be explored, hence the need for m-banking (Andrew, 2009)
The convergence of the Internet and mobile networks creates new opportunities and applications. Treating mobile business as simply an extension to the traditional web could result in missing out unique differentiated qualities for new value-added possibilities. Mobile Banking is considered to be one of the most value-added and important mobile service available. Arcraf's current research examined technological changes in mobile networks and innovative attributes of Mobile Internet. It has advanced the theoretical framework of innovation in service to develop a customer centric analysis of m banking value proposition. His article goes on to discuss critical factors in the diffusion of m Banking and explores reasons of failure and further prospects of success.
Mobile Banking and Financial Transaction
Mobile Banking is a financial transaction conducted by logging on to a bank's website using a cell phone, such as viewing account balances, making transfers between accounts, or paying bills. This can be conducted through the internet browser on the phone, through a program downloaded from your bank, or by text-message (SMS). (Malik Abdul,Saif Kamran and Usman Tahir:" EMERGING TRENDS IN IT")
Mobile banking is an application of mobile computing which provides customers with the support needed to be able to bank anywhere, anytime using a mobile handheld device and a mobile service such as text messaging (SMS). Mobile banking removes space and time limitations from banking activities such as checking account balances, or transferring money from one account to another. In recent research and studies it was found that while mobile banking and more specifically SMS-based mobile banking applications have become popular in some countries and regions, they were still not widely used.(Yu Shi:" Factors influencing the use of Mobile Banking: The case of SMS based Mobile Banking") His study identifies and investigates the factors which influence customers' decision to use a specific form of mobile banking, and specifically focuses on the evaluation of SMS-based mobile banking in the context of New Zealand. His research model includes the basic concepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), as well as some constructs derived through a focus group discussion. The model is tested to determine its predictive power with respect to individual's behavior when considering the use of SMS-based mobile banking. The results of the data analysis contributes to the body of knowledge in the area by demonstrating that context specific factors such as service quality and service awareness are influencing user perceptions about the usefulness of SMS mobile banking which in turn affect intention to use and adoption. Secondly, his study demonstrates, on the example of SMS-based mobile banking; how a hybrid approach involving qualitative data collection and a subsequent quantitative survey can help investigate how user perceptions about usefulness and ease of use are formed. Although the study has its limitations, the implications of the results allow providing practical recommendations to the banking industry, and directions for further work.
Mobile banking is an application of mobile computing which provides customers with the support needed to be able to bank anywhere, anytime using a mobile handheld device and a mobile service such as text messaging (SMS). Mobile banking removes space and time limitations from banking activities such as checking account balances, or transferring money from one account to another. In recent research and studies it was found that while mobile banking and more specifically SMS-based mobile banking applications have become popular in some countries and regions, they were still not widely used.(Yu Shi:" Factors influencing the use of Mobile Banking: The case of SMS based Mobile Banking") His study identifies and investigates the factors which influence customers' decision to use a specific form of mobile banking, and specifically focuses on the evaluation of SMS-based mobile banking in the context of New Zealand. His research model includes the basic concepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), as well as some constructs derived through a focus group discussion. The model is tested to determine its predictive power with respect to individual's behavior when considering the use of SMS-based mobile banking. The results of the data analysis contributes to the body of knowledge in the area by demonstrating that context specific factors such as service quality and service awareness are influencing user perceptions about the usefulness of SMS mobile banking which in turn affect intention to use and adoption. Secondly, his study demonstrates, on the example of SMS-based mobile banking; how a hybrid approach involving qualitative data collection and a subsequent quantitative survey can help investigate how user perceptions about usefulness and ease of use are formed. Although the study has its limitations, the implications of the results allow providing practical recommendations to the banking industry, and directions for further work.
Problem and Prospect of Mobile Banking
The main objective of the study is to find out the problem and prospect of mobile banking in Bangladesh. For this research primary data were used. This study adopts with descriptive in nature. Total respondents were 120 within that 61 % respondents think it saves time than traditional banking, the highest number of respondents use mobile banking for 'Air-time top-up' service, that is 21%, out of 120 respondents 56% replied it is less costlier than traditional banking, 100% respondents did agree that it is speedy, and 38% respondents are upper class. Although this concept is new in Bangladesh but its potentiality is high. From this research, other researchers and policy makers will get an insight about the problems and prospects of mobile banking in Bangladesh.
Selasa, 14 Mei 2013
Review About Health Care Costs
In a strict economic framework, the majority of alcohol-related costs borne by the
public health system would be considered a transfer rather than as a true economic
cost; only the identity of the payer changes rather than the existence of the cost.
If health care costs fell privately, it is likely that drinkers would take more care in avoiding such costs; the increase of net costs under a public health system as
compared to a private system can be considered a real external cost of alcohol use,
though whether it should be tallied as a consequence of alcohol consumption or as a
consequence of a policy decision that the tax system should be used to defray the
health costs of drinking is, at best, debatable. We assumed that policy’s intention is to offset transfer costs with excise taxes and so included all of these transfer costs as policy relevant. CL assessed health care costs through alcohol-attributable aetiological fractions applied to total medical and hospital expenditures in Australia. For some disorders, costs to the public health system are reduced because of alcohol consumption – the burden of heart disease is lessened by alcohol consumption while the system bears greater costs of cirrhosis. While we questioned some of their fractions, our report excised only that portion of health care expenditures borne privately by drinkers using private health care. BERL’s method began with CL’s aetiological tables, but set equal to zero any disorder’s fraction where CL had determined that alcohol reduced rather than increased health costs; BERL assumed that harmful drinking, by definition, cannot improve outcomes on any health dimension. This is clearly out of step with the bulk of the epidemiological literature that finds, in particular, reductions in coronary heart disease even among heavy drinkers.
Overall mortality is certainly increased by heavy drinking, but the net effect is smaller than BERL estimates. We were unable to reverse-engineer BERL’s figures to impose CL’s fractions; we instead deducted only that portion of the health care bill paid privately by the drinker.
Review About Private and External Cost
Why do the two methods so diverge? Economists are n
ot so amoral as to consider it
irrelevant that someone has tragically died. But me
asures of private costs borne by
drink drivers are only economically meaningful if o
ffset by the consumption benefits
enjoyed by all drinkers who took similar risk and d
id not have an accident.
Consider, by analogy, skiing, which would be utterl
y socially wasteful if we counted
all of the accident costs suffered by skiers while
taking no consideration of that all
skiers derive at least some enjoyment from their ri
sky activity. And here, from an
economic perspective, the public health literature
goes seriously awry.
6
BERL simply assumes that harmful drinkers enjoy no
benefits from their
consumption;
7
they consequently deem all private costs as social
ly relevant because
there are no offsetting private benefits. CL take a
rhetorically different but
substantially equivalent approach by assuming any p
otential market failure in alcohol
consumption sufficient reason for dismissing all pr
ivate consumption benefits.
8
Market failures such as imperfect information can r
esult in excess consumption, and
the excess of costs over benefits for the erroneous
ly consumed alcohol can then count
as social, but simply assuming away all private ben
efits because of the potential for
market failure is completely at odds with standard
economic method. We could
similarly assume that imperfect information in the
used car market means nobody
derives any benefit from buying a vehicle.
This substantial difference results in the biggest
divergence between the public health
and the economic approach to tabulating the costs o
f alcohol use. Where public health
figures include all of the costs drinkers impose up
on themselves, the economic
method would either leave those costs to the side o
r incorporate them only if
offsetting private benefits were simultaneously est
imated and included.
Drink-driving costs falling upon those external to
the vehicle should be counted as
policy-relevant from both an economic and a public
health perspective. From an
economic perspective, costs falling upon the driver
should be deemed private and
irrelevant for policy unless weight is given to ben
efits enjoyed by the set of drivers
taking similar risk but who suffer no adverse outco
me.
Whether those inside the vehicle with the drinker b
ear public or private costs is less
clear. A strict interpretation of the economic appr
oach would hold that passengers’
agreement to ride with an intoxicated driver makes
them party to the driver’s
decision; resultant costs or benefits they bear can
then hardly be deemed external.
9
If
we wished to take a less strict line, we would agai
n wish to count the benefits enjoyed
by the passengers of drink drivers who do not suffe
r accidents against the costs falling
on those who do.
It is easy to scoff at the potential existence of s
uch benefits, but it puts a heavy thumb
on the scale if we simply assume them away. In any
case, the mortality costs of drink
driving accidents falling on those inside the drink
er’s vehicle other than the driver are
a small proportion of overall tabulated mortality c
osts.
Review About Human Capital and Popular Investment Advice
Popular investment advice recommends that the stock/bond and
stock/wealth ratios should
rise with investor risk tolerance and investment horizon respectively,
prescriptions that are difficult to reconcile with the simple
mean-variance model. We show that extending the
mean-variance model to include human capital, without any other
modifications, can simultaneously justify both recommendations, so long
as the correlation between labour income and stock returns falls within a
range determined by market and investor-specific parameters.
Aggregate labour income data from 11 countries generally satisfy this
requirement, as do plausible individual income processes. We also
consider the implications of human capital for the optimal bond/wealth
ratio over the investment horizon, and examine the sensitivity of the
stock/bond mix to the volatility of labour income.
Keyword Search:
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Review About Maker-taker Exchange Fees and Market Liquidity: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Motivated by a desire to enhance market liquidity, exchanges around the
world have recently shown increasing interest in so-called `maker-taker'
fee structures. However, little is currently known about the e
ectiveness of such schemes. We therefore make use of a natural
experiment to empirically assess the impact of maker-taker fees on liquidity. For three
months during 2008, the New Zealand Stock Exchange applied maker-taker
ex-change fees to Australian securities cross-listed on the New Zealand
stock market, thereby allowing us to isolate the change in liquidity
attributable
to the introduction of maker-taker fees. We nd some evidence suggesting
that market depth and trading volume rose in response to the change in
fee structure, but bid-ask spreads remained essentially unchanged. We
conclude that the impact of maker-taker fees on market liquidity remains
an open question.
Keyword Search:
maker-taker fees
liquidity
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depth
volume
liquidity
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depth
volume
Economics
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Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services
Banking, Finance and Investment
Selasa, 05 Maret 2013
DEFINITION, ARTI ACTIVATION
DEFINITION, ARTI ACTIVATION
Activation
Materials
Addition of starting products to a binder, in
restricted quantities, in order to improve the
binder tackiness beside a certain category of
aggregates. Text Finding Article Include Subject and Abstract Kluwer Academic 2004 REWRITE DICTIONARY OF CIVIL ENGINERING Civil Enginering Education Science article definition, review, abstract English New York related article subject structures built; Civil Engineering; required the construction Jean-Paul Kurtz
Minggu, 07 Oktober 2012
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN antedate
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN antedate verb to put an earlier date on a document The invoice was antedated to January 1st.
anti-dumping duty
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN annuity contract
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN annuity contract noun a contract under which a person is paid a fixed sum regularly for life
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN annuity certain
DEFINITION – ARTI – PENGERTIAN annuity certain noun an annuity that provides payments for a specific number of years, regardless of life or death of the annuitant
annuity contract
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