DEFINITION OF GROUNDWATER

All of the water contained within spaces in

bedrock, soil, and regolith. The volume of groundwater is 35

times the volume of freshwater in lakes and streams, but

overall it accounts for less than 1 percent of the planet’s

water. America and other nations have come to realize that

groundwater is a vital resource for their survival and only

recently began to appreciate that much of the world’s

groundwater resources have become contaminated by natural

and human-aided processes. Approximately 40 percent of

drinking water in the United States comes from groundwater

reservoirs; about 80 billion gallons of groundwater are

pumped out of these reservoirs every day in the United States.

Groundwater comes from rainfall and surface flow,

where it seeps into the ground and slowly makes its way

downhill toward the sea. There is water everywhere beneath

the ground surface, and most of this occurs within 2,500 feet

(750 m) of the surface. The volume of groundwater is estimated

to be equivalent to a layer 180 feet (55 m) thick spread

evenly over the Earth’s land surface.

The distribution of water in the ground can be divided

into the unsaturated and the saturated zones. The top of the

water table is defined as the upper surface of the saturated

zone; below this surface, all openings are filled with water.

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