DEFINITION OF HOLOCENE

An epoch in the Quaternary period, starting at

the end of the Pleistocene epoch about 10,000 years ago,

until the present time. It is sometimes referred to as the

Recent. The term also includes the rocks and unconsolidated

deposits formed and deposited during this interval. The

Holocene was defined by Charles Lyell in 1833 as the time

period in which the Earth was inhabited by humans. This

time approximately corresponds archaeologically to the

beginning of the Neolithic or New Stone Age at about 8,000

years ago, when humans first moved into structured villages

and began agricultural and animal domestication practices.

These events heralded the remarkable explosion of population

of humans and their artifacts across the globe. By about

5,000 years ago, the Bronze Age began in the Near East, and

people used metals widely, migrated extensively, and expanded

in numbers to a global population in the tens of millions.

The beginning of the Holocene is now defined as 10,000

years ago, a time when the great ice sheets were retreating

and the planet experienced dramatic warming. With the melting

of the glaciers, global sea level has been rising, defining

the ongoing Flandrian transgression during which sea levels

have risen about 558 feet (170 m).

See also NEOGENE; PLEISTOCENE; QUATERNARY; TERTIARY.

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