DEFINITION OF HYDROTHERMAL

Hot waters in the Earth’s crust are known

as hydrothermal fluids. Most heated subsurface waters contain

dissolved minerals or other substances and are then

known as hydrothermal solutions. Hydrothermal solutions

are very important because they are able to dissolve, transport,

and redistribute many elements in the Earth’s crust and

are responsible for the concentration and deposition of many

ore deposits, including many gold, copper, silver, zinc, tin,

and sulfide deposits. These mineral deposits are known as

hydrothermal deposits.

Hydrothermal solutions are typically derived from one

or more sources, including fresh or saline groundwater, water

trapped in rocks as they are deposited, water released during

metamorphic reactions, or water released from magmatic systems.

The minerals, metals, and other compounds dissolved

in hydrothermal solutions are typically derived from the dissolution

of the rocks that the fluids migrate through, or

released from magmatic systems. Hydrothermal solutions are

commonly formed during the late stages of crystallization of

a magma, and these fluids will contain many of the chemical

elements that do not readily fit into the atomic structures of

the minerals crystallizing from the magma. These fluids tend

to be enriched in lead, copper, zinc, gold, silver tin, tungsten,

and molybdenum. Many hydrothermal fluids are also saline,

with the salts derived from leaching of country rocks. Saline

solutions are much more effective at carrying dissolved metals

than nonsaline solutions, so these hydrothermal solutions

tend to be enriched in dissolved metals.

As hydrothermal solutions move up through the crust

they cool from as high as 1,112°F (600°C), and with lower

temperatures the solutions can hold less dissolved material.

Therefore, as the fluids cool, hydrothermal veins and ore

deposits form, with different minerals precipitating out of the

fluid at different temperatures. Some minerals may also precipitate

out when the fluids come into contact with rocks of a

certain composition, with a fluid-wall rock reaction.

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