DEFINITION OF MAP OF THE NILE RIVER IN EGYPT

The Nile has been used as a water source for irrigation

for more than 6,000 years, with ancient Egyptians trapping

water and silt from the yearly floods in small basins, then

growing crops in the water-soaked soils. The ancient system

has been replaced with modern perennial irrigation systems,

in which a series of dams (barrages) keep the water at levels

to grow several crops per year, and some water is siphoned

off to irrigate areas such as the Faiyum depression. Canals

have been built to Alexandria and even across the Suez Canal

to the northern Sinai.

Ancient people of the Nile Valley did not know the

source of the Nile, or why it was prone to annual floods that

showed a seven-year cycle in intensity. The cyclicity has since

been understood to be a consequence of the El Niño Southern

Oscillation cycle, and explorers have entered the central

African regions that are the sources of the Nile. The ancient

Greek philosopher Ptolemy suggested that the source of the

Nile was the Mountains of the Moon, since identified as the

Ethiopian highlands around Lake Tana by Scottish explorer

James Bruce in 1770. John Speke, a British explorer, identified

Lake Victoria as the source of the White Nile in 1861.

See also RIVER SYSTEM.

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