DEFINITION OF NEOLITHIC

An archaeological term for the last division of

the Stone Age, during which time humans developed agriculture

and domesticated animals. The transition from huntergatherer

and nomadic types of existence to the development

of farming took place about 10,000–8,000 years ago in the

Fertile Crescent, a broad stretch of land that extends from

southern Israel through Lebanon, western Syria, Turkey, and

through the Tigris-Euphrates Valley of Iraq and Iran. The

Neolithic revolution and the development of stable agricultural

practices led an unprecedented explosion of the human

population that continues to this day. About a million years

ago there are estimated to have been a few thousand migratory

humans on the Earth, and by about 10,000 years ago this

number had increased to only 5 million–10 million. When

humans began stable agricultural practices and domesticated

some species of animals, the population rate started to

increase substantially. The increased standards of living and

nutrition caused the population growth to soar to about 20

million by 2,000 years ago, and 100 million by 1,000 years

ago. By the 18th century, humans began manipulating their

environments more, began public health services, and began

to recognize and seek treatments for diseases that previously

took many lives. The average life span began to soar, and

world population surpassed 1 billion in the year 1810. A

mere 100 years later, world population doubled again to 2

billion and had reached 4 billion by 1974. World population

is now close to 7 billion and climbing more rapidly than at

any time in history, doubling every 50 years.

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