DEFINITION OF OCEANOGRAPHY

The study of the physical, chemical, biological,

and geological aspects of the ocean basins is called

oceanography. The oceans are increasingly being studied with

an Earth system science approach, with the appreciation that

many of the different systems are related, and changes in the

biological, chemical, physical, or geological conditions will

result in changes in the other systems and also influence other

Earth systems such as the atmosphere and climate. The oceans

contain important geological systems, since the ocean basins

are the places where new oceanic crust is both created at midocean

ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches. Being topographic

depressions, they are repositories for many of the

sediments eroded from the continents and carried by rivers

and the wind to be deposited in submarine settings. Seawater

is the host of much of the life on Earth and also holds huge

quantities of dissolved gases and chemicals that buffer the

atmosphere, keeping global temperatures and climate hospitable

for humans. Energy is transferred around the planet in

ocean currents and waves, which interact with land, eroding

or depositing shoreline environments. Being host to some of

the planet’s largest and most diverse biota, the oceans may

hold the key to feeding the planet. Mineral resources are also

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