DEFINITION OF RAINBOWS

Translucent concentric arcs of colored bands

that are visible in the air under certain conditions when rain

or mist is present in the air and the Sun is at the observer’s

back. Rainbows form where sunlight enters the rain or water

drops in the air, and a small portion of this light is reflected

off the back of the raindrops and directed back to the observer.

When the sunlight enters the raindrops, it is bent and

slows and, as in a prism, violet light is refracted the most and

red the least. The amount of light that is reflected off the

back of each raindrop is small compared to the amount that

enters each drop, and only the rays that hit the back of the

drop at angles greater than the critical angle are reflected.

Since the Sun’s rays are refracted and split by color when they

enter the water drops, each color hits the back of the raindrop

at a slightly different angle, and the reflected light

emerges from the raindrop at different angles for each color.

Red light emerges at 42° from the incoming beam, whereas

violet light emerges at 40°. An observer only sees one color

from each drop, but with millions of drops in the sky an

observer is able to see a range of colors formed from different

raindrops with light reflected at slightly different angles to

the observer. Rainbows appear to move as an observer

moves, since each ray of light is entering the observer’s eyes

from a single raindrop, and as the observer moves, light from

different drops enters the observer’s eyes.

Recent See HOLOCENE.

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