DEFINITION OF SOLIDIFICATION OF MAGMA

Just as rocks partially melt to form different liquid compositions,

magmas may solidify to different minerals at different

times to form different solids (rocks). This process also

results in the continuous change in the composition of the

magma—if one mineral is removed, the resulting composition

is different. Removal of solidified crystals results in a new

magma composition.

The removal of crystals from the melt system may occur

by several processes, including the squeezing of melt away

from the crystals or by sinking of dense crystals to the bottom

of a magma chamber. These processes lead to magmatic differentiation

by fractional crystallization, as first described by

Norman L. Bowen. Bowen systematically documented how

crystallization of the first minerals changes the composition of

the magma and results in the formation of progressively more

silicic rocks with decreasing temperature.

See also MINERALOGY; OPHIOLITES; PLATE TECTONICS;

VOLCANO.

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