DEFINITION OF GEOCHEMISTRY

The study of the distribution and amounts of

elements in minerals, rocks, ore bodies, rock units, soils, the

Earth, atmosphere, and, by some accounts, other celestial bodies.

It includes study and analysis of the movement of chemical

elements, the properties of minerals as related to their distribution

and concentrations of specific elements, and the classification

of rocks based on their chemical composition.

The field of geochemistry started with the discovery of

31 chemical elements by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, with the

first mention of the word by Christian F. Shonbein in 1813.

In 1884, the U.S. Geological Survey established a laboratory

to investigate the chemistry of the planet, and appointed F.

W. Clarke as the head of laboratory. Since then, the U.S. Geological

Survey has been one of the world’s leaders in the collection

and analysis of geochemical data. In 1904 the

Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., established the

Geophysical Laboratory, which tested physical and chemical

properties of minerals and rocks. The Vernadsky Institute in

Russia had a similar charge, and both institutions spearheaded

a revolution in technologies applied to analyzing the composition

of rock materials, leading to the proposition of the

concepts of chemical equilibrium, disequilibrium, and the

amassing of huge databases encompassing the chemistry of

rocks of the world. Victor M. Goldschmidt from the University

of Oslo applied the phase rule, explaining metamorphic

changes in terms of chemical equilibrium.

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