DEFINITION OF HUDSON BAY, CANADA

A 475,000-square-mile (1,230,250-

km2) inland sea in eastern Canada. James Bay is a southern

embayment of Hudson Bay that extends along the

Ontario–Quebec border, and the bay extends northward to

the Foxe Channel, across which lie the Foxe basin and Baffin

Island. Hudson Strait connects the bay with the Atlantic

Ocean, whereas the Foxe Channel leads to the Arctic Ocean.

The bay is shallow and has numerous island groups such as

the Belcher Islands, and it is surrounded by a gently dipping

glacially leveled shield. Numerous raised beach terraces surround

the bay reflecting a rise in the land surface caused by

release of stresses from the weight of the glaciers, which only

geologically recently retreated from the region. Hudson Bay

is located on the sparsely populated Canadian shield, and the

tree line, north of which no significant stands of trees can

grow, cuts diagonally across the southwest side of the bay.

Hudson Bay used to be ice-free from middle July

through October. However, a series of dams has been built in

Canada along rivers that flow into Hudson Bay, and these

dams are used to generate clean hydroelectric energy. The

problem that has arisen is that these dammed rivers have

annual spring floods, which before the dams were built

would flush the pack ice out of Hudson Bay. Since the dams

have been built, the annual spring floods are diminished,

resulting in the pack ice remaining on the bay through the

short summer. This has drastically changed the summer season

on the Ungava peninsula. As the warm summer winds

blow across the ice they pick up cool moist air, and cold fogs

now blow across the Ungava all summer. This has drastically

changed the local climate and has hindered growth and development

of the region.

Hudson Bay was named by Henry Hudson in 1610 during

his explorations of the area in his search for a northwest

passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The region was

inhabited by French fur trappers, but France gave up its

claims to the region in 1713. Hudson’s Bay company was

founded in 1670 as a group of trading posts at river mouths,

and it survives to this day.

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