DEFINITION OF KOLA PENINSULA

The Kola Peninsula occupies 50,000 square

miles (129,500 km2) in northwestern Russia as an eastern

extension of the Scandinavian peninsula, on the shores of the

Barents Sea, east of Finland and north of the White Sea. Most

of the peninsula lies north of the Arctic Circle. The peninsula is

characterized by tundra in the northeast and taiga forest in the

southwest. Winters are atypically warm and snowy for such a

northern latitude because of nearby warm Atlantic Ocean

waters, and warm summers are filled with long daylight hours.

The Kola Peninsula is part of the Archean Baltic shield,

containing medium to high-grade mafic and granitic gneisses

including diorite, tonalite, trondhjemite, granodiorite, and

granite. Metasedimentary schist, metapelitic gneiss, quartzite,

and banded iron formation known as the Keivy assemblage

form linear outcrop belts in the eastern part of the Kola

Peninsula. Mafic/ultramafic greenstone belts and several generations

of intrusions are found on the peninsula, and these

may correlate with ophiolitic rocks of the North Karelian

greenstone belts further south in the Baltic shield. Metamorphism

is mostly at amphibolite facies but locally reaches granulite

facies, and deformation is complex with abundant fold

interference patterns and early isoclinal folds possibly associated

with early thrust faults. The Kola schist belts are intruded

by several generations of mafic to granitic intrusions.

See also BALTIC SHIELD.

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